Technology and Security

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Tokenization Architecture

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ERC-20 Tokenization Standard

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Tokenization Workflow

Physical asset valuation -> Legal structuring -> Smart contract deployment -> KYC/AML verification -> Token issuance

1. Asset Preparation: Conduct professional valuation of the physical artwork and design the legal structure, such as an SPV or direct tokenization.
2. Custody Arrangement: Appoint a qualified custodian to safeguard the physical asset and ensure the asset is securely ring-fenced.
3. Contract Deployment: Deploy token contracts that comply with ArtStar standards on BNB Chain (BSC).
4. Identity Verification: Investors complete KYC/AML procedures and their wallet addresses are added to the whitelist.
5. Token Distribution: After compliance checks pass, tokens are securely distributed to investor wallets.

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Compliance Contract Framework

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ComplianceManage Contract Architecture

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On-Chain Signature Verification

// Core signature verification logic
function _verifySignature(
        address user,
        bytes memory signature,
        uint8 operation,
        uint256 expireTime
    ) internal virtual returns (bool) {
        if (block.timestamp > expireTime) revert SignatureExpired();

        bytes32 messageHash = keccak256(
            abi.encodePacked(block.chainid, address(this), user, txNonce[user], operation, expireTime)
        );

        bytes32 ethSignedHash = MessageHashUtils.toEthSignedMessageHash(messageHash);

        address recovered = ECDSA.recover(ethSignedHash, signature);

        if (recovered != owner() && subAdmins[recovered].permissionLevel != PERMISSION_SIGNATURE_MANAGER) return false;

        txNonce[user]++;

        return true;
    }

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Whitelist Management

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Compliance Parameters

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Blockchain Infrastructure

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BNB Chain Multi-Layer Architecture

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Chain Selection Considerations

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Security Architecture

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Layered Security Controls

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     Security Architecture                  │
├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Layer 1: Smart Contract Security                         │
│    - Professional security audits by independent firms    │
│    - Formal verification                                  │
│    - Bug bounty program                                   │
│                                                            │
│  Layer 2: Access Control                                  │
│    - Multi-signature wallets for sensitive operations     │
│    - Timelock protection for critical actions             │
│    - Role-based access control                            │
│                                                            │
│  Layer 3: Compliance Verification                         │
│    - KYC/AML identity verification                        │
│    - On-chain signature verification                      │
│    - Whitelist controls                                   │
│                                                            │
│  Layer 4: Asset Custody                                   │
│    - Physical assets: qualified custodians / trustees     │
│    - Digital assets: MPC + HSM cold storage               │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

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Smart Contract Audits

1. Internal Code Review: Multiple rounds of review performed by the development team.
2. Third-Party Security Audit: Independent blockchain security firms, such as Trail of Bits, CertiK, or OpenZeppelin, review the contracts.
3. Formal Verification: Critical logic is mathematically validated where appropriate.
4. Testnet Validation: Contracts are thoroughly exercised on test networks before mainnet deployment.
5. Bug Bounty Program: A continuous bug bounty program remains available after launch.

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Multisignature Governance

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Asset Custody Framework

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Physical Asset Custody

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Digital Asset Custody

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Compliance and Regulatory Framework

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International Compliance Standards

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Independent Regulatory Review

The ArtStar community will appoint internationally recognized independent professionals to conduct periodic independent regulatory reviews of physical assets. The review results will be disclosed to the public in a timely manner.

• Review Frequency: Quarterly or annual independent audits
• Review Scope: Physical asset existence, integrity, and custody compliance
• Disclosure: Transparent and public review reports

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Evolution of Compliance Token Standards

Evolution Strategy: ArtStar adopts a modular design that can progressively upgrade token standards in response to regulatory requirements, enabling a smooth transition from ERC-20 to ERC-3643 or ERC-1400.

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Technology Stack Overview

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References

• BNB Chain RWA Tokenization Guide
• RWA Tokenization: Standards and Costs
• ERC-20 Standard
• ERC-3643
• OpenZeppelin Contracts